易同培,蒋学礼
YI Tong-pei1 JIANG Xue-li2(1.Dujiangyan Campus,Sichuan Agricultural University

• 1:四川农业大学都江堰校区
• 2:峨边县林业局

摘要(Abstract)：

现代大熊猫分布在四川西部37个县市区、陕西南部5个县和甘肃南部1个县,栖息地面积约200,000 km2,竹林面积约600,000 hm2,竹子蓄积量约18,000,000 t。分布范围在λ(E)102°00′~108°11,′ψ(N)27°53′~33°55,′常年活动在海拔(1 200)2 000 m~3 000(3 600)m之间。从南到北长度直线距离约750 km,东西宽约50 km~180km,处于我国地形第一级阶梯青藏高原向第二级阶梯高原山地盆地过渡地带上,呈狭长状弧形分布外貌,但并不连续而是作岛状的间断分布。大熊猫主食竹种在其分布范围内,分隶于竹亚科仅有的箣竹超族和北美箭竹超族2个超族中,前者含5属19种,后者含6属45种,一共采食11属64种竹子。其中除箣竹属的孝顺竹、硬头黄竹,慈竹属的慈竹及苦竹属的斑苦竹为栽培外,其余8属51种均为野生竹种,并有大面积的天然竹林。慈竹属、刚竹属、筇竹属、巴山木竹属和箬竹属等5属为我国特产,占大熊猫主食竹属的45%。筇竹属、镰序竹属、方竹属、箭竹属、玉山竹属和巴山木竹属等90%以上的种类产于我国西南部山区,而且大熊猫分布区也是该6属的分化中心和现代分布中心之一。大熊猫分布区的植物区系起源古老,成分复杂。在大熊猫天然采食的64种竹种中,除峨眉箬竹分布区域小和数量零星,不足以形成独立的群系外,其余63种竹子均可在竹林植被型中形成独立的群系。中国大熊猫栖息地主要是针叶林和阔叶林两个植被型组,有时偶见活动于灌丛植被型组区域。在针叶林植被型组共有5个植被型中的寒温性针叶林、温凉性针叶林、温凉性针阔叶混交林和暖性针叶林等4个植被型及以竹子为次优势层片的59个以上植物群丛组,阔叶林植被型组的落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林等3个植被型及以竹子为次优势层片的56个以上植物群丛组,总计针、阔叶林有7个植被型及115个以上植物群丛组是大熊猫的栖息地。其中温凉性针阔叶混交林又是大熊猫的最主要栖息地,周年四季都有活动足迹和采食其林下竹种。大熊猫栖息在有竹子为次优势层片的森林植物群落中,不但有食物的保障,而且有复杂的森林生态系统和良好的生活环境,使大熊猫得以长期延续生存繁衍和不断发展。
Modern giant pandas are distributed in 37 counties,cities and districts in the Western Sichuan Province,5 counties in the Southern Shanxi Province and 1 county in the Southern Gansu Province,and found in an area of about 200,000 km2.The habitats of giant pandas have a bamboo forest area of about 600,000 hm2 with stocking of about 18,000,000t,covering λ(E)102°00′~108°11′,ψ(N) 27°53′~33°55′.And giant pandas always live at(1 200)2 000 m~3 000(3 600) m above sea level all the year round in an area whose distance from south to north is about 750 km and from east to west is about 50 km~180 km.These regions are located in the joint area from the first-grade ladder Qinghai-Xizang Plateau to the second-grade ladder Plateau,mountains and basins with narrow-long and arc-distribution appearance,showing and un-continuous,island-like interval distribution.Staple food bamboo species of the giant panda in the distribution area belong to 2 Supertribes,i.e.Supertribe Bambusatae and Supertribe Arundinariatae of Bambusoideae.Supertribe Bambusatae covers 5 genera and 19 species and Supertribe Arundinariatae covers 6 genera and 44 species,staple food bamboo species include 11 genera and 63 species.Except B.multiplex and B.rigida of Bambusa,N.affinis of Neosinocalamus and P.maculatus of Pleioblastus are planted,other 8 genera and 59 species are wild and have a large area of natural bamboo forest.The 5 genera of Neosinocalamus,Phyllostachys,Qiongzhuea,Bashania and Indocalamus are species peculiar to China that account for 45% staple food bamboo genera.Over 90% species of Qiongzhuea,Drepanostachyum,Chimonobambusa,Fargesia,Yushania and Bashania grow in mountain regions in the south-west China,and the distribution area of the giant panda is too one of the diversity and modern distribution centers of 6 genera.The origin of flora is ancient in the distribution area of the giant panda and its elements are complicated.Among the 63 species of staple food of the giant panda,except that Indocalamus emeiensis has too small distribution area and quantity to form an independent formation,other 62 species can form the independent formations in vegetation type of bamboo forest.The areas in which giant pandas are found are mainly grown with 2 vegetation type groups of needle-leaved forest and broad-leaved forest,the giant panda seldom lives in a woodland of bush-wood vegetation type group.The vegetation group of needle-leaved forest includes 4 vegetation types(cold-temperate needle-leaved forest,cool-temperate needle-leaved forest,cool-temperate needle-leaved forest and broad-leaved mixed forest and warm needle-leaved forest) of 5 vegetation types and over 59 plant association groups with bamboo as the second dominant synusia,and the vegetation group of broad-leaved forest includes 3 vegetation types(deciduous broad-leaved forest,evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest) and over 56 plant association groups with bamboo as the second dominant synusia,and total 7 vegetation types of needle-leaved forest and broad-leaved forest and over 110 plant association groups are the habitats for the giant panda.However,the cool-temperate needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest are the main habitats for the giant panda,in which the giant panda lives all the year round and eats bamboos.The giant panda lives in forest plant community with bamboo as the second dominant synusia,thus not only having the guarantee of food,but also complex forest ecological system and better living environment so that the giant panda can live and multiply over a long time.

关键词(KeyWords)： 大熊猫;天然食竹;种类;分布;食竹的生物多样性特征
Giant Panda,Natural food bamboo,Species,Distribution,Biodiversity of food bamboo

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 易同培,蒋学礼
YI Tong-pei1 JIANG Xue-li2(1.Dujiangyan Campus,Sichuan Agricultural University

DOI: 10.16779/j.cnki.1003-5508.2010.04.001

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